What Shapes CEFR Implementation in Arabic Language Education? A Systematic Review of Enablers and Constraints
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.29240/jba.v10i1.15494Keywords:
CEFR implementation, Arabic language education, Systematic literature reviewAbstract
This study aims to examine the factors that support and hinder the implementation of the Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR) in Arabic language education. Although the adoption of CEFR has expanded significantly, its implementation remains uneven due to variations in institutional readiness, curriculum alignment, and teacher competence. While numerous studies have discussed CEFR-based materials, assessment, or pedagogy, existing research remains fragmented, and no comprehensive synthesis has mapped the enabling and constraining factors influencing CEFR implementation in Arabic language education. This study addresses this gap by systematically reviewing research published between 2018 and 2025 to identify (1) the key conditions that support CEFR adoption and (2) the major obstacles that hinder its effectiveness in Arabic language learning. Employing a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach following PRISMA procedures, the study analyzed selected articles through NVivo-assisted thematic coding to generate an integrated conceptual pattern of enablers and constraints. The findings indicate that successful CEFR implementation is supported by curriculum alignment with CEFR descriptors, teacher readiness, availability of CEFR-based materials, technological integration, and high learner motivation. Conversely, curriculum misalignment, limited teacher proficiency, insufficient materials, weak institutional support, and sociocultural barriers significantly restrict implementation outcomes. These findings provide an evidence-based foundation for the development of CEFR-informed policies, curricula, and pedagogical practices in Indonesia and the broader Southeast Asian context.
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References
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Alfitri, Tulus Musthofa, and Harif Supriady. “Analysis of the Arabic Language Test Questions at the CELAD Institute from the Perspective of CEFR Standards.” Arabiyatuna: Jurnal Bahasa Arab 9, no. 2 (2025): 741–54. https://doi.org/10.29240/jba.v9i2.13801.
Amrulloh, Friendis Syani. “Insights on CEFR and Its Implementation in Arabic Language Learning at Mambaus Sholihin Islamic Boarding School.” JEET: Journal of English Education and Technology 05, No. 01 (March 2023): 31–44.
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Nurdianto, Talqis, Yayat Hidayat, and Vicky Adetia Wulandari. “CEFR-Based Arabic Language Learning Competency.” Izdihar : Journal of Arabic Language Teaching, Linguistics, and Literature 3, no. 3 (2021): 229–48. https://doi.org/10.22219/jiz.v3i3.14123.
Nurdianto, Talqis, Joko P. Nanang, Ahmad Fatoni, and Salsabila Kalita. “CEFR-Based Beginner Arabic Reading And Writing Curriculum Design In Indonesia.” Ijaz Arabi: Journal of Arabic Learning 5, no. 3 (2022): 718–38. https://doi.org/10.18860%2520/ijazarabi.v5i3.16684.
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Pratama, Arya Wahyu, Hanik Mahliatussikhah, Nurul Murtadho, and Kholisin. “Opportunities and Challenges of Common European Framework of Reference for Language (CEFR) Standardization in Arabic Language Learning.” Arabi : Journal of Arabic Studies 9 (1) (2024): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.24865/ajas.v9i1.774.
Primadana, Ramadhan Jabal, Maswani Maswani, Muhbib Abdul Wahab, Achmad Fudhaili, and Raswan Raswan. “Development of Listening and Speaking Skills Teaching Materials Based on CEFR Level.” Arabiyatuna: Jurnal Bahasa Arab 8, no. 2 (2024): 559–78. https://doi.org/10.29240/jba.v8i2.10904.
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Riyadi Hs, Dedi Eko. “Metode Common European Framework of Reference for Language (CEFR) Dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab.” Al-Fakkaar: Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Bahasa Arab 1, no. 1 (2020): 42–59.
Saputra, Salim, and Tulus Musthofa. “Analisis Buku Teks Pelajaran Bahasa Arab SMA/SMK Muhammadiyah Pada Maharah Al-Kalam Sesuai Standar Common European Framework Of Reference (CEFR).” LUGAWIYYAT 4, no. 2 (2022): 81–97. https://doi.org/10.18860/lg.v4i2.17393.
Savski, Kristof. “Local Problems and a Global Solution: Examining the Recontextualization of CEFR in Thai and Malaysian Language Policies.” Language Policy 19, no. 4 (2020): 527–47. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10993-019-09539-8.
Schildt, Laura, Bart Deygers, and Albert Weideman. “Language Testers and Their Place in the Policy Web.” Language Testing 41, no. 2 (2024): 338–56. https://doi.org/10.1177/02655322231191133.
Supunya, Nuntapat. “Towards the CEFR Action-Oriented Approach: Factors Influencing Its Achievement in Thai EFL Classrooms.” 3L The Southeast Asian Journal of English Language Studies 28, no. 2 (2022): 33–48. https://doi.org/10.17576/3L-2022-2802-03.
Syafriansyah, M., and R. Rosalinda. “Desain Bahan Ajar Muhadatsah Bahasa Arab Dalam Perspektif CEFR Di Google Classroom.” Unigha: Jurnal Sains Riset, 2023.
Talqis Nurdianto and Noor Azizi Bin Ismail. “Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab Berbasis Common European Framework Of Reference For Language (CEFR) Di Indonesia.” Al Mahāra: Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa Arab 6, no. 1 (2020): 1–22. https://doi.org/10.14421/almahara.2020.061.01.
Xu, Jinfen, and Yumei Fan. “Finding Success with the Implementation of Task-Based Language Teaching: The Role of Teacher Agency.” Language, Culture and Curriculum 35, no. 1 (2022): 18–35. https://doi.org/10.1080/07908318.2021.1906268.
Yasin, Agus, and Hidia Tarauni. “Tashmim Al-Ikhtibar Li Maharah al-Kalam al-‘Arabi Wafqhan Li al-Ithar al-Marjaâ€TMi al-Urubi al-Musytarak Li al-Lughat Li al-Thullab al-Jamiâ€TMah Fi Indunisiya.” Arabiyatuna: Jurnal Bahasa Arab 7, no. 1 May (2023): 111–34. https://doi.org/10.29240/jba.v7i1.6390.
Zaenuri, Muhammad, Sukirman, Umi Baroroh, and Tulus Mustofa. “Analysis of the Arabic Language Skills Curriculum in Arabic Education Department in the Perspective of Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR).” Asalibuna 9, no. 01 (2025): 197–211. https://doi.org/10.30762/asalibuna.v9i01.6536.
Zainuddin, Ammar, Imam Asrori, and Miftahul Huda. “Tahlil Maáyir Ta’lim al-Qiraáh Li al-Nathiqin Bi Ghairih Fi al-Árb Wa al-Gharb (Rusyd Ahmad Thuáimah, al-Majlis al-Imriki Li Ta’lim al-Lughat al-Ajnabiyyah Wa al-Majlis al-Urubiy Li Ta’lim al-Lughat al-Ajnabiyyah).” Arabiyatuna : Jurnal Bahasa Arab 6, no. 1 (2022): 327. https://doi.org/10.29240/jba.v6i1.3148.
Zawacki-Richter, Olaf. Systematic Reviews in Educational Research: Methodology, Perspectives and Application. Edited by Michael Kerres, Svenja Mareike Bedenlier, Melissa Bond, and Katja Buntins. Springer Nature, 2020.
Abdullah, Mohammad Roshimi, Mohd Aizul Yaakob, Muhammad Firdhaus Zulkifli, and Muhammad Sabri Sahrir. “A Review Of Studies Related To Arabic Language Learning Based On The Common European Framework Of Reference For Language (CEFR).” Ijaz Arabi: Journal of Arabic Learning 6, no. 2 (2023): 463–75.
Aflisia, Noza. “Hubungan Antara Kemampuan Muhadatsah Dengan Nilai TOAFL Di STAIN Curup.” An Nabighoh Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab 19, no. 2 (January 1, 2018): 268. https://doi.org/10.32332/an-nabighoh.v19i2.1003.
Alfitri, Tulus Musthofa, and Harif Supriady. “Analysis of the Arabic Language Test Questions at the CELAD Institute from the Perspective of CEFR Standards.” Arabiyatuna: Jurnal Bahasa Arab 9, no. 2 (2025): 741–54. https://doi.org/10.29240/jba.v9i2.13801.
Amrulloh, Friendis Syani. “Insights on CEFR and Its Implementation in Arabic Language Learning at Mambaus Sholihin Islamic Boarding School.” JEET: Journal of English Education and Technology 05, No. 01 (March 2023): 31–44.
Arifin, Akbar Syamsul. “Pelatihan Penyusunan Bahan Ajar Bahasa Arab Berbasis Standar CEFR.” Educivilia: Jurnal Pengabdian Pada Masyarakat 5, no. 2 (2024): 108–13. https://doi.org/10.30997/ejpm.v5i2.14352.
Batrisyia, Azra, and Sonya Puspasari Suganda. “Pengembangan Silabus Selaras CEFR Untuk Mengoptimalkan Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab Di Pesantren Mahasiswa X.” JURNAL Al-AZHAR INDONESIA SERI HUMANIORA 10, no. 1 (2025): 53. https://doi.org/10.36722/sh.v10i1.4009.
Desy Maulani Rizki and Rosnaeni. “Application of the CEFR Concept in Arabic Language Learning in Madrasah Aliyah eL-Bas (Bina Anak Sholeh Institute) Ciamis.” ATHLA : Journal of Arabic Teaching, Linguistic and Literature 3, no. 2 (2022): 133–46. https://doi.org/10.22515/athla.v3i2.5650.
Habibur Rohman and Faiq Ilham Rosyadi. “Pengembangan Bahan Ajar Bahasa Arab Berbasis CEFR Untuk Meningkatkan Keterampilan Bahasa Arab Siswa / Development of Arabic Teaching Materials Based on the Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR) to Improve Students’ Arabic Language Skills.” Al Mahāra: Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa Arab 7, no. 2 (2021): 163–83. https://doi.org/10.14421/almahara.2021.072-01.
Hashmi, Uzma M., Hussam Rajab, and Sayyed Rashid Ali Shah. “Cognitive Awareness of the EFL Learner of Contrastive Linguistics Between English and Arabic: A Case Study.” Theory and Practice in Language Studies 11, no. 5 (2021): 469–74. https://doi.org/10.17507/tpls.1105.02.
Hidayah, Nurul, Mukmin, and Cardasyifa. “Cefr Pada Materi Bahasa Arab: Inovasi Pembelajaran Ramah Anak Pada Sekolah Dasar.” Kiddo: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam Anak Usia Dini, 2024, 117–27. https://doi.org/10.19105/kiddo.v5i1.12742.
Ibrahim, Alaa Abdel Monhem. “Designing Visual Materials for Self-Learning for Non-Arabic Speaking Learners at Level A1 According to The Common Europena Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR).” Romano-Arabica 20 (2020): 191–202.
Khumairotuzzahra, Siti, Rosna Wati, and Yusuf Safari. “Penguatan Kompetensi Guru Melalui Pelatihan RPP Bahasa Arab Berbasis CEFR Di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah.” Qardhul Hasan: Media Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat 11, no. 3 (2025): 351–63. https://doi.org/10.30997/qh.v11i3.21470.
Li, Zhiqing, Janis Zhiyou Li, Xiaofang Zhang, and Barry Lee Reynolds. “Mastery of Listening and Reading Vocabulary Levels in Relation to CEFR: Insights into Student Admissions and English as a Medium of Instruction.” Languages 9, no. 7 (2024): 239. https://doi.org/10.3390/languages9070239.
Little, David, and Neus Figueras, eds. Reflecting on the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages and Its Companion Volume. Multilingual Matters, 2022. https://doi.org/10.21832/LITTLE0190.
Moher, David, Alessandro Liberati, Jennifer Tetzlaff, and Douglas G. Altman. “Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement.” International Journal of Surgery 8, no. 5 (2010): 336–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2010.02.007.
Mubin, Khoirul, Cahya Edi Setyawan, Dailatus Syamsiyah, Muhajir Muhajir, and Ahmad Suhendra Hasibuan. “Reconstructing the Arabic Language Curriculum Based on the CEFR and Rusydi Ahmad Thuaimah’s Perspective.” ALSUNIYAT: Jurnal Penelitian Bahasa, Sastra, Dan Budaya Arab 8, no. 1 (2025): 196–211. https://doi.org/10.17509/alsuniyat.v8i1.78081.
Muhibbin, Fateh Al, Muhammad Afif Amrulloh, Yeni Lailatul Wahidah, Asti Fauziah, and Dessy Sintari Daoed. “Educators’ and Learners’ Responses to Optimising the Development of Arabic Teaching Module Based on the Merdeka Curriculum.” Arabiyatuna: Jurnal Bahasa Arab 8, no. 1 May (2024): 209–34. https://doi.org/10.29240/jba.v8i1.9878.
Musthofa, Tulus. “CEFR-Based Policy in Arabic Language Teaching and Cultural Dimension in Indonesian Islamic Higher Education.” EJAL: Eurasian Journal of Applied Linguistics 8 (2) (November 2022): 96–107.
Nuha, Muhammad Afthon Ulin, and Nurul Musyafaâ€TMah. “Implementation of Quality Management Curriculum in Arabic Learning.” Arabiyatuna: Jurnal Bahasa Arab 6, no. 2 November (2022): 417–38. https://doi.org/10.29240/jba.v6i2.5137.
Nurdianto, Talqis, Yayat Hidayat, and Vicky Adetia Wulandari. “CEFR-Based Arabic Language Learning Competency.” Izdihar : Journal of Arabic Language Teaching, Linguistics, and Literature 3, no. 3 (2021): 229–48. https://doi.org/10.22219/jiz.v3i3.14123.
Nurdianto, Talqis, Joko P. Nanang, Ahmad Fatoni, and Salsabila Kalita. “CEFR-Based Beginner Arabic Reading And Writing Curriculum Design In Indonesia.” Ijaz Arabi: Journal of Arabic Learning 5, no. 3 (2022): 718–38. https://doi.org/10.18860%2520/ijazarabi.v5i3.16684.
Pransiska, Toni, Sugeng Sugiyono, Sembodo Ardi Widodo, and Wael Aly Muhammad Sayyid. “Al-Kutub al-Madrāsīyah al-ʿArabīyah Fī Indūnīsīyah Min Manẓūr Waṭanī Wa-ʿālamī.” Islam Futura 24, no. 2 (2024): 488–512.
Pratama, Arya Wahyu, Hanik Mahliatussikhah, Nurul Murtadho, and Kholisin. “Opportunities and Challenges of Common European Framework of Reference for Language (CEFR) Standardization in Arabic Language Learning.” Arabi : Journal of Arabic Studies 9 (1) (2024): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.24865/ajas.v9i1.774.
Primadana, Ramadhan Jabal, Maswani Maswani, Muhbib Abdul Wahab, Achmad Fudhaili, and Raswan Raswan. “Development of Listening and Speaking Skills Teaching Materials Based on CEFR Level.” Arabiyatuna: Jurnal Bahasa Arab 8, no. 2 (2024): 559–78. https://doi.org/10.29240/jba.v8i2.10904.
Prince of Songkla University, Thailand, Kristof Savski, Denchai Prabjandee, and Burapha University, Thailand. “CEFR: A Global Framework for Global Englishes?” Teaching English as a Second or Foreign Language Journal--TESL-EJ 26, no. 3 (2022). https://doi.org/10.55593/ej.26103a1.
Riyadi Hs, Dedi Eko. “Metode Common European Framework of Reference for Language (CEFR) Dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab.” Al-Fakkaar: Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Bahasa Arab 1, no. 1 (2020): 42–59.
Saputra, Salim, and Tulus Musthofa. “Analisis Buku Teks Pelajaran Bahasa Arab SMA/SMK Muhammadiyah Pada Maharah Al-Kalam Sesuai Standar Common European Framework Of Reference (CEFR).” LUGAWIYYAT 4, no. 2 (2022): 81–97. https://doi.org/10.18860/lg.v4i2.17393.
Savski, Kristof. “Local Problems and a Global Solution: Examining the Recontextualization of CEFR in Thai and Malaysian Language Policies.” Language Policy 19, no. 4 (2020): 527–47. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10993-019-09539-8.
Schildt, Laura, Bart Deygers, and Albert Weideman. “Language Testers and Their Place in the Policy Web.” Language Testing 41, no. 2 (2024): 338–56. https://doi.org/10.1177/02655322231191133.
Supunya, Nuntapat. “Towards the CEFR Action-Oriented Approach: Factors Influencing Its Achievement in Thai EFL Classrooms.” 3L The Southeast Asian Journal of English Language Studies 28, no. 2 (2022): 33–48. https://doi.org/10.17576/3L-2022-2802-03.
Syafriansyah, M., and R. Rosalinda. “Desain Bahan Ajar Muhadatsah Bahasa Arab Dalam Perspektif CEFR Di Google Classroom.” Unigha: Jurnal Sains Riset, 2023.
Talqis Nurdianto and Noor Azizi Bin Ismail. “Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab Berbasis Common European Framework Of Reference For Language (CEFR) Di Indonesia.” Al Mahāra: Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa Arab 6, no. 1 (2020): 1–22. https://doi.org/10.14421/almahara.2020.061.01.
Xu, Jinfen, and Yumei Fan. “Finding Success with the Implementation of Task-Based Language Teaching: The Role of Teacher Agency.” Language, Culture and Curriculum 35, no. 1 (2022): 18–35. https://doi.org/10.1080/07908318.2021.1906268.
Yasin, Agus, and Hidia Tarauni. “Tashmim Al-Ikhtibar Li Maharah al-Kalam al-‘Arabi Wafqhan Li al-Ithar al-Marjaâ€TMi al-Urubi al-Musytarak Li al-Lughat Li al-Thullab al-Jamiâ€TMah Fi Indunisiya.” Arabiyatuna: Jurnal Bahasa Arab 7, no. 1 May (2023): 111–34. https://doi.org/10.29240/jba.v7i1.6390.
Zaenuri, Muhammad, Sukirman, Umi Baroroh, and Tulus Mustofa. “Analysis of the Arabic Language Skills Curriculum in Arabic Education Department in the Perspective of Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR).” Asalibuna 9, no. 01 (2025): 197–211. https://doi.org/10.30762/asalibuna.v9i01.6536.
Zainuddin, Ammar, Imam Asrori, and Miftahul Huda. “Tahlil Maáyir Ta’lim al-Qiraáh Li al-Nathiqin Bi Ghairih Fi al-Árb Wa al-Gharb (Rusyd Ahmad Thuáimah, al-Majlis al-Imriki Li Ta’lim al-Lughat al-Ajnabiyyah Wa al-Majlis al-Urubiy Li Ta’lim al-Lughat al-Ajnabiyyah).” Arabiyatuna : Jurnal Bahasa Arab 6, no. 1 (2022): 327. https://doi.org/10.29240/jba.v6i1.3148.
Zawacki-Richter, Olaf. Systematic Reviews in Educational Research: Methodology, Perspectives and Application. Edited by Michael Kerres, Svenja Mareike Bedenlier, Melissa Bond, and Katja Buntins. Springer Nature, 2020.
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03-05-2026
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Arrifqi, N., Putri, A., Ufairah, N. I., Atulolon, W. N. E.-I., & Daroini, S. (2026). What Shapes CEFR Implementation in Arabic Language Education? A Systematic Review of Enablers and Constraints. Arabiyatuna: Jurnal Bahasa Arab, 10(1), 63–84. https://doi.org/10.29240/jba.v10i1.15494
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Copyright (c) 2026 Nadia Arrifqi, Amanda Putri, Nabila Izzatul Ufairah, Wardah Nailah El-Izzah Atulolon, Slamet Daroini
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