Sultan's Law and Islamic Sharia in The Ottoman Empire Court: An Analysis of The Existence of Secular Law
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.29240/jhi.v8i1.4908Keywords:
Sultan's Law, Sharia, Judiciary, Ottoman EmpireAbstract
This article aims to describe the impact of legal dualism within the Ottoman Empire. After Constantinople was taken over, Sultan Muhammad Al-Fatih instituted a significant policy, including issuing laws and regulations for the benefit of society; then, there was also a dualism system within the Ottoman Empire, which was visible during the reign of Sultan Sulaiman I. During this time, foreign nationals were mainly recruited, and foreign traders began to gain impunity at the peak of power. This then prompted several questions, such as were the sultans free to create the laws they wanted, or was Islamic law still binding on them? Was Sultan's law an innovation from the Ottoman Empire or a legacy from the preceding dynasty in the form of Capitulation? To address those issues, the authors conducted a comparative historical analysis of various types of literature. We used a descriptive qualitative approach to QÄnÅ«n's position, which served as a springboard for foreign intervention in an Empire that was strong but weak in political policies which occasionally strayed outside the corridor of Islamic Sharia which had become customary and national culture. The tolerance separated from the corridors of Islam derailed during the crisis. This became a springboard for legal dualism in a state body with integrity in various dimensions.
Keywords: Sultan's Law, Sharia, Judiciary, Ottoman
Downloads
References
Aharoni, Reʼuven. The Pasha's Bedouin: Tribes and State in the Egypt of Mehemet Ali, 1805-1848. Routledge Studies in Middle Eastern History 7. London ; New York: Routledge, 2007.
AkaidÌmÄ«, IslÄmik Fiqh, ed. FatwÄ fiqhÄ«ya muÊ¿Äsira. ṬabÊ¿a 1. BairÅ«t: DÄr al-Kutub al-Ê¿IlmÄ«ya, 2008.
Al-Salaabi, Ali Muhammad. Daulah Usmaniyah Awamil Nuhud wa Asbab as-Suqut. 4th ed. Vol. 2. Beirut: Dar an-Nafais, 2017.
Arnus, Muhammad. Marji’ al-Ulum al-Islamiyah. Beirut: Dar al-Fikr, 1990.
Atçıl, Abdurrahman. Scholars and Sultans in the Early Modern Ottoman Empire, 2017.
Ahmad, F. "Ottoman Perceptions Of The Capitulations 1800-1914." Journal of Islamic Studies 11, no. 1 (January 2000): 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1093/jis/11.1.1.
Antoine Hakyem: Les Provinces Arabes de l’empire Ottoman aux Archives du Ministère des Affaires Etrangères de France (1793- 1918). Les Editions Universitairs du Liban 1988.
Blaisdell, Donald C. European Financial Control in the Ottoman Empire: A Study of the Establishment, Activities, and Significance of the Administration of the Ottoman Public Debt, 1929. https://doi.org/10.7312/blai91054.
Boogert, Maurits H. van den. The Capitulations and the Ottoman Legal System: Qadis, Consuls, and Beratlıs in the 18th Century. Studies in Islamic Law and Society, v. 21. Leiden ; Boston: Brill, 2005.
Compliance in the Ottoman Balkans." Journal of Historical Political Economy 2, no. 2 (2022): 263–97. https://doi.org/10.1561/115.00000030.
Consuls and Beratlis in the 18th Century * BY MAURITS H. VAN DEN BOOGERT." Journal of Islamic Studies 18, no. 1 (January 2007): 131–33. https://doi.org/10.1093/jis/etl060.
Can, Lâle, Michael Christopher Low, Kent F. Schull, and Robert W. Zens, eds. The Subjects of Ottoman International Law. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, 2020.
"Chapter 2 The Law: Shari'a and Qanun." In Ebu’s-Su’ud, 24–62. Edinburgh University Press, 1997. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781474469449-005.
Couto, Dejanirah, and Şirin Tekeli, eds. Harp ve sulh: Avrupa ve Osmanlılar. 1. basım. Kitap Yayınevi Tarih ve Coğrafya, 234 68. İstanbul: Kitap Yayınevi, 2010.
———. Tarij al-dawla al-’aliyya al-’utmaniyya. Beirut: Dar al-Nafa’ is, 2009.
Ebru Aykut. "Judicial Reforms, Sharia Law, and the Death Penalty in the Late Ottoman Empire." Journal of the Ottoman and Turkish Studies Association 4, no. 1 (2017): 7. https://doi.org/10.2979/jottturstuass.4.1.02.
Geyikdağı, V. Necla. Foreign Investment in the Ottoman Empire: International Trade and Relations 1854-1914. Library of Ottoman Studies 27. London ; New York: Tauris Academic Studies, 2011.
Hickok, M.R. Ottoman Military Administration in Eighteenth-Century Bosnia. Mnemosyne, Bibliotheca Classica Batava. Brill, 1997. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=nf30Du3AI0oC.
Hurewitz, J. C, and J. C Hurewitz. The Middle East and North Africa in World Politics: A Documentary Record Vol.2 Vol.2. New Haven; London: Yale University Press, 1979.
İnalcık, Halil, and Donald Quataert, eds. An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, 1300-1914. Cambridge ; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994.
Magiya, Yusuf. "Predatory Rulers, Credible Commitment, and Tax
Motzki, Harald. The Origins of Islamic Jurisprudence: Meccan Fiqh before the Classical Schools. Islamic History and Civilization : Studies and Texts, vol. 41. Leiden ; Boston: Brill, 2002.
Howard, Douglas. "From Manual to Literature: Two Texts on the Ottoman Timar System." Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 61, no. 1–2 (March 2008): 87–99. https://doi.org/10.1556/AOrient.61.2008.1-2.9.
karabulut, Sezen. “Savaş Yılları Osmanlı Kudüs’ünde Mülkiyet Hakkı (1914-1918).†Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi 33, no. 2 (December 28, 2018): 451–80. https://doi.org/10.18513/egetid.502715.
Muhibbin, Mohammad. "The Concept Of Land Ownership In The Perspective Of Islamic Law." Al-Risalah 17, no. 01 (January 17, 2018): 61. https://doi.org/10.30631/al-risalah.v17i01.25.
Mantran, Robert. Histoire de l’Empire ottoman. Paris: Fayard, 2003.
Meirison, Meirison. “Legal Drafting in the Ottoman Period.†Jurnal Ilmiah Al-Syir’ah 17, no. 1 (June 2019): 39. https://doi.org/10.30984/jis.v17i1.806.
———. "The Impact of Foreign Capitulation on Islamic Sharia in The Ottoman Empire." Justicia 17, no. 1 (June 2020): 109. https://doi.org/10.21154/justicia.v17i1.1554.
Muhibbin, Mohammad. "The Concept Of Land Ownership In The Perspective Of Islamic Law." Al-Risalah 17, no. 01 (January 2018): 61. https://doi.org/10.30631/al-risalah.v17i01.25.
Özsu, Umut, and Thomas Skouteris. "International Legal Histories of the Ottoman Empire: An Introduction to the Symposium." Journal of the History of International Law 18, no. 1 (October 30, 2016): 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1163/15718050-12340049.
O'Quinn, Daniel. Engaging the Ottoman Empire: Vexed Mediations, 1690-1815. Material Texts. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: the University of Pennsylvania Press, 2019.
Panaite, Viorel. Ottoman Law of War and Peace: The Ottoman Empire and Its Tribute-Payers from the North of the Danube. Second rev. Leiden ; Boston: Brill, 2019.
Rari, Yasir bin Abdul Aziz. Daur Imtiyazat al-Ajnabiah fi Suqut ad-Daula al-Usmaniyah. Riyadh: Jamiah Ibnu Saud, 2001.
Repp, R. C. "The Capitulations and the Ottoman Legal System: Qadis,
Peters, Rudolph. "Islamic and Secular Criminal Law in Nineteenth Century Egypt: The Role and Function of the Qadi." Islamic Law and Society 4, no. 1 (2017): 70–90. https://doi.org/10.1163/1568519972599879.
Peacock, A.C.S. "The Seljuk Sultanate of RÅ«m and the Turkmen of the Byzantine Frontier, 1206–1279*." Al-MasÄq 26, no. 3 (September 2, 2014): 267–87. https://doi.org/10.1080/09503110.2014.956476.
Prunier, Gérard. "Military Slavery in Sudan during the Turkiyya, 1820–1885." Slavery & Abolition 13, no. 1 (April 1992): 129–39. https://doi.org/10.1080/01440399208575054.
Repp, R. C. "The Capitulations and the Ottoman Legal System: Qadis, Consuls and Beratlis in the 18th Century * BY MAURITS H. VAN DEN BOOGERT." Journal of Islamic Studies 18, no. 1 (January 1, 2007): 131–33. https://doi.org/10.1093/jis/etl060.
Rüzgar, Nilüfer. "LEADERSHIP TRAITS OF SULEIMĀN THE MAGNIFICIANT, IN TERMS OF 'GREAT MAN' THEORY." Osmanli Mirasi Arastirmalari Dergisi 6, no. 15 (July 30, 2019): 317–27. https://doi.org/10.17822/omad.2019.128.
Åžen, Ahmet Tunç. "Reading the Stars at the Ottoman Court: BÄyezÄ«d Ii (r. 886/1481-918/1512) and His Celestial Interests." Arabica 64, no. 3–4 (September 13, 2017): 557–608. https://doi.org/10.1163/15700585-12341461.
Rubin, Avi. "Was There a Rule of Law in the Late Ottoman Empire?" British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 46, no. 1 (January 2019): 123–38. https://doi.org/10.1080/13530194.2017.1383883.
Saharuddin, D., Meirison, I. Chusna, and A.S. Mulazid. “Capitulation and Siyasah Syar’iyah Al-Maliyah Impact on Economic Stability of the 18th & 19th Ottoman Turks.†Qudus International Journal of Islamic Studies 7, no. 2 (2019): 329–66.
Sali, Meirison Alizar, Desmadi Saharuddin, and Rosdialena Rosdialena. “Takhrij Fikih Dan Permasalahan Kontemporer.†Al-Istinbath : Jurnal Hukum Islam 5, no. 1 (May 2020): 51. https://doi.org/10.29240/jhi.v5i1.1235.
Schull, Kent F., M. Safa Saracoglu, and Robert W. Zens, eds. Law and Legality in the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Turkey. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, 2016.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Citation Check
License
Authors who publish with Al-Istinbath : Jurnal Hukum Islam agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a CC BY-SA 4.0 Deed | Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International | Creative Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0) that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
.jpg)
