Legal Adaptation for Muslim Minorities: A Reconstruction of Fiqh al-Aqalliyyat through the Methodological Frameworks of Abdullah bin Bayyah and Muhammad Yusri Ibrahim
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.29240/jhi.v11i1.13028Keywords:
Fiqh al-Aqalliyyat, Legal Adaptation, Islamic Legal Methodology, Maqashid al-Shari’ah, Muslim MinoritiesAbstract
This article examines the reconstruction of fiqh al-aqalliyyat as a framework for legal adaptation addressing the complex socio-legal challenges faced by Muslim minorities in non-Muslim majority societies. It focuses on the methodological frameworks developed by Abdullah bin Bayyah and Muhammad Yusri Ibrahim, two prominent contemporary scholars whose works have significantly shaped minority jurisprudence. Employing a comparative doctrinal and analytical approach, this study examines their primary writings sinaʿat al-Fatwa wa Fiqh al-Aqalliyyat and Fiqh al-Nawazil li al-Aqalliyyat al-Muslimah to identify the epistemological foundations, legal reasoning patterns, and normative objectives underlying their approaches. The findings demonstrate a clear methodological divergence: Ibn Bayyah emphasizes maqāṣid al-shariʿah, tahqiq al-manat, and contextual legal reasoning rooted in the Maliki tradition to enable adaptive and purpose-oriented rulings, while Yusri Ibrahim adopts a more textualist and precedent-based framework within the Hanbali school, prioritizing juristic continuity and doctrinal restraint. This article argues that fiqh al-aqalliyyat should be understood not merely as a collection of legal concessions (rukhaṣ), but as a systematic methodological paradigm that negotiates normative fidelity and contextual responsiveness. By reframing minority fiqh through the lens of legal adaptation, this study contributes to contemporary debates on Islamic legal methodology, minority rights, and the future development of Islamic jurisprudence in pluralistic societies.
Downloads
References
Akram, Munazza. “Issues of Muslim Minorities in Non-Muslim Societies: An Appraisal of Classical and Modern Islamic Legal Discourses with Reference to Fiqh Al-Aqalliyyat.” Islamic Studies 58, no. 1 (2019): 107–25.
Al-`Alwani, Thaha Jabir. Nazariyat Ta’sis Fi Fikh Al-‘Aqalliyat. Mesir: Dar al-Minhaj, 2003.
———. Towards a Fiqh For Minorities; Some Basic Reflections. 18th ed. Washington DC: International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT), 2010.
Al-Asyari, Abu Al-Hasan. Al-Ibanah an Ushul Al-Diyanah. Mesir: Dar Al-Atrak, 1976.
Al-Banani. Hasyiyah Ala Al-Zarqani. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyah, 2002.
Al-Baqilani, Abu Bakar. Tamhid Al-Awail Wa Talhis Al-Dalail. Beirut: Muasasah al-Kutub al-Tsaqafiyah, 1978.
Al-Jauziyyah, Ibnu al-Qayyim. I’lam Al-Muwaqqi’in ‘an Rabb Al-Alamin. Beirut: al-Maktabah al-‘Asriyyah, 2004.
Al-Mahmashani, Subhi. Turas Al-Khulafa Al-Rasyidîn Fi Al-Fiqh Wa Al-Qada. Beirut: Dar al-Ilm al-Malayin, 1984.
Al-Maliki, Muhammad Alwi. Al-Risalah Al-Islamiyah Kamaluha Wa Khuluduha Wa Allamiyatuha. Edited by Abdul Mustaqim. Yogyakarta: eLSAQ Press, 2003.
Al-Mawardi, ‘Ali ibn Muhammad. Al-Ahkam Al-Sultaniyyah. Kairo: Mushthafa al-Babi al-Halabi, n.d.
Al-Mawwaq, Muhammad bin Yusuf bin Abu al-Qasim. Al-Taj Wa Al-Iklil Li Mukhtashar Khalil. 1st ed. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyah, 1994.
Al-Qardlawi, Yusuf. Fi Fiqh Al-Aqalliyat Al-Muslimah Hayat Al-Muslimina Wasat Al-Mujtamaat Al-Ukhra. Beirut: Dar al-Syuruq, 2001.
———. Fi Fiqh Al-Aulawiyyat: Dirasah Jadidah Fi Daw Al-Qur’an Wa Al Sunnah. VII. Kairo: Maktabah Wahbah, 2005.
———. Malamih Al-Mujtami` Al-Muslim Alladzi Nanshuduhu. Kairo: Maktabah Wahbah, 1993.
Al-Raysuni, Ahmad. Maqasid Al-Maqasid: Al-Ghayat Al-‘Ilmiyyah Wa Al-‘Amaliyyah Li-Maqasid Al-Shari'Ah. Beirut: al-Shabakah al-'Arabiyyah li al-Abhas wa al-Nashr, 2013.
Al-Salam, Izzuddin ibn Abdi. Qawa’id Al-Ahkam Fi Masalihi Al-Anam. Beirut: Darul Ma’arif, 2000.
Al-Shinghiti, Muhammad. Mawahib Al-Jalil. Murtania: Dar al-Ridwan, 2010.
Al-Sijistani, Sulaiman. Sunan Abi Dawud. Beirut: Dar al-Fikr, 1997.
Al-Syathibi, Ibrahim ibn Musa. Al-Muwafaqat Fi Usul Al-Syari’ah. Beirut: Dar al-Fikr, 2002.
Alkouatli, Claire, Nadeem Memon, Dylan Chown, and Youcef Sai. “Something More Beautiful: Educational and Epistemic Integrations Beyond Inequities in Muslim-Minority Contexts.” Journal for Multicultural Education 17, no. 4 (2023): 406–18. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1108/JME-05-2022-0062.
Anggraeni, Rr Dewi. “Islamic Law and Customary Law in Contemporary Legal Pluralism in Indonesia: Tension and Constraints.” Ahkam: Jurnal Ilmu Syariah 23, no. 1 (2023): 25–48. https://doi.org/10.15408/ajis.v23i1.32549.
Anwar, Khoirul, Hilmi Ridho, Muhammad Sibawaihi, Muhamad Sofi Mubarok, and Aizat Khairi. “Muslim Minorities in the Context of Citizenship in Western Countries According to Fiqh Al-Aqalliyat; Challenges and Obligations.” Tribakti: Jurnal Pemikiran Keislaman 36, no. 1 (2025): 1–24. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.33367/tribakti.v36i1.6401.
Asman, and Tamrin Muchsin. “Maqasid Al-Shari’ah in Islamic Law Renewal: The Impact of New Normal Rules on Islamic Law Practices during the Covid-19 Pandemic.” Mazahib: Jurnal Pemikiran Hukum Islam 20, no. 1 (2021): 77–102. https://doi.org/http://doi.org/10.21093/mj.v20i1.2957.
Az-Zuhaily, Wahbah. Al-Rukhas Al-Syariyah Ahkamuha Wa Dawabituha,. Saudi Arabia: Dar al-Khair, 2010.
B, Halimah. “Tafwid Method In Understanding Mutashabihat Verses.” Jurnal Studi Ilmu-Ilmu Al-Qur’an Dan Hadis 21, no. 2 (2020): 293–312. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.14421/qh.2020.2102-03.
Baroudi, Sami E., and Vahid Behmardi. “Sheikh Wahbah Al-Zuhaili on International Relations: The Discourse of a Prominent Islamist Scholar (1932–2015).” Middle Eastern Studies 53, no. 3 (2017): 363–85. https://doi.org/10.1080/00263206.2016.1263190.
Bayyah, Abdullah bin Syekh Mahfudz bin. Maqashid Al-Mu’amalat Wa Marashid Al-Waqi’at. Kairo: Al-Madani, 2009.
———. Shina’ah Al-Fatwa Wa Fiqh Al-Qaliyyat. Dubai: Muwaththa Centre, 2018.
Damayanti, Aula. “Contribution Of Islamic Law To Legal Development In Indonesia.” MILRev; Metro Islamic Law Review 1, no. 1 (2022): 17–33.
Fadhil, Haidar Masyhur. “Reshaping Minority Fiqh: The Ideas of ‘Abd Allah Ibn Bayyah.” Australian Journal of Islamic Studies 9, no. 2 (2024): 37–65. https://doi.org/10.55831/ajis.v9i2.629.
Gafoordeen, N., and M.M.M.Sabir. “Thaha Jabir Al-Alwani &Yusuf Al-Qardlawi Founders of Minority Fiqh (FIQH AL AQALLIYAT).” International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) X, no. IV (2023): 78–83. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.51244/IJRSI.2023.10410.
Ghazali, Abd. Moqsith. “Fikih Mayoritas Dan Fikih Minoritas; Upaya Rekonstruksi Fikih Lama Dan Merancang Fikih Baru.” Tashwirul Afkar 31, no. 1 (2012): 42–62.
Gunawan, Edi, Budi Rahmat Hakim, Reza Adeputra Tohis, and Imam Mash’ud. “Interfaith Marriage of North Sulawesi Multicultural Community in Minority Fiqh Perspective.” Al-Ihkam: Jurnal Hukum Dan Pranata Sosial 19, no. 2 (2024): 384–412. https://doi.org/10.19105/al-lhkam.v19i2.8072.
Guyanie, Gugun El, and Aji Baskoro. “The Constitutional Rights of Indigenous Beliefs Adherents in Minority Fiqh Perspective.” Ijtihad: Jurnal Wacana Hukum Islam Dan Kemanusiaan 21, no. 2 (2021): 155–75. https://doi.org/10.18326/ijtihad.v21i2.155-175.
Hafis, Muhammad, Nia Elmiati, and Juliani Syafitri. “Contemporary Issues of Islamic Family Law: The Waithood Phenomenon and the Impact of the Sex Recession in Indonesia in Review of Sadd Al-Dzari’ah.” Legitima: Journal of Islamic Family 07, no. 01 (2024): 18–39. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.33367/legitima.v7i1.6178.
Hamid, Asrul, and Dedisyah Putra. “The Existence of New Direction in Islamic Law Reform Based on The Construction of Ibnu Qayyim Al-Jauziyah’s Thought.” JURIS: Jurnal Ilmiah Syariah 20, no. 2 (2021): 247–57. https://doi.org/10.31958/juris.v20i2.3290.
Hefni, Wildani, Imam Mustofa, and Rizqa Ahmadi. “Looking for Moderate Fiqh: The Thought of Mohammad Hashim Kamali on the Reformation of Rigidity and Inflexibility in Islamic Law.” Al-Istinbath: Jurnal Hukum Islam 10, no. 1 (2025): 30–57. https://doi.org/10.29240/jhi.v10i1.10694.
Husseini de Araujo, Shadia, Sonia Cristina Hamid, and Andre Gondim do Rego. “Urban Food Environments and Cultural Adequacy: The (Dis)Assemblage of Urban Halal Food Environments in Muslim Minority Contexts.” Food, Culture and Society 25, no. 5 (2022): 899–916. https://doi.org/10.1080/15528014.2021.1933773.
Ibrahim, Muhammad Yusri bin. Fiqh Al-Nawazil, Lil Aqalliyat Al-Muslimah; Ta’shilan Wa Tathbiqan. Qatar: Wizarah Awqaf Wa Su’un Al Islamiyyah, 2013.
Ifandi, Teguh, and Idaul Hasanah. “Maslahat (Benefits) in Fiqh Awlawiyat: A Comparison between Yusuf Al-Qaradhawi’s View and Abdus Salam Ali Al-Karbuli’s.” Al-`Adalah 21, no. 1–24 (2024): 353. https://doi.org/https://dx.doi.org/10.24042/adalah.v21i1.21316.
Ishaq, Ishaq, and Muannif Ridwan. “A Study of Umar Bin Khatab’s Ijtihad in an Effort to Formulate Islamic Law Reform.” Cogent Social Sciences 9, no. 2 (2023): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2023.2265522.
Jubba, Hasse, Ahmad Sunawari Long, Zuly Qodir, Umar Werfete, and Muhamad Nastain. “Changes in the Political Behavior of Towani Tolotang as a Minority Religious Group: Fiqh Al-‘Aqaliyyat Perspective.” Al-Ihkam: Jurnal Hukum Dan Pranata Sosial 18, no. 2 (2023): 392–419. https://doi.org/10.19105/al-lhkam.v18i2.10184.
Jumblatt Abdullah, Walid. “Conflating Muslim ‘Conservatism’ with ‘Extremism’: Examining the ‘Merry Christmas’ Saga in Singapore.” Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs 37, no. 3 (2017): 344–56. https://doi.org/10.1080/13602004.2017.1379690.
Kamali, Mohammad Hashim. “Legal Maxims and Other Genres of Literature in Islamic Jurisprudence.” Arab Law Quarterly 20, no. 1 (2006): 77–101. https://www.jstor.org/stable/27650538.
———. “Maqasid Al-Shari’ah and Ijtihad as Instrument s of Civilisational Renewal: A Methodological Perspective.” Islam and Civilisational Renewal (ICR ) 2, no. 2 (2011): 245–71. https://doi.org/10.52282/icr.v2i2.647.
Karcic, Fikret. “How Islamic Law Is Studied Today: An Overview.” Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs 39, no. 1 (2019): 129–34. https://doi.org/10.1080/13602004.2019.1587955.
Mawardi, Ahmad Imam. “Fikih Mayoritas Versus Fikih Minoritas: Melacak Akar Konflik Sosial Atas Nama Syariat.” Justicia Islamica 9, no. 2 (2016): 105–18. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.21154/justicia.v9i2.348.
———. “Fiqh Aqalliyat: Pergeseran Makna Fiqh Dan Usul Fiqh.” Asy-Syir’ah; Jurnal Ilmu Syari’ah Dan Hukum 48, no. 2 (2014): 315–32. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.14421/ajish.v48i2.119.
———. Fiqh Minoritas: Fiqh Al-Aqalliyyat Dan Evolusi Maqashid Al-Syari ‘ah Dari Konsep Ke Pendekatan. Edited by Ahmala Arifin. Yogyakarta: LKiS, 2010.
Mun’im, Zainul. “Peran Kaidah Fikih Dalam Aktualisasi Hukum Islam: Studi Fatwa Yusuf Al-Qaradawi Tentang Fiqh Al-Aqalliyat.” Al-Manahij: Jurnal Kajian Hukum Islam 15, no. 1 (2021): 151–72. https://doi.org/10.24090/mnh.v15i1.4546.
Mustafa, Mohanad, and Ayman K. Agbaria. “Islamic Jurisprudence of Minorities (Fiqh Al-Aqalliyyat): The Case of the Palestinian Muslim Minority in Israel.” Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs 36, no. 2 (2016): 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/13602004.2016.1180889.
Nurhayati. “Fikih Minoritas: Suatu Kajian Teoretis.” Ahkam : Jurnal Ilmu Syariah 13, no. 2 (2013): 193–200. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/ajis.v13i2.932.
Purkon, Arip. “Rethinking of Contemporary Islamic Law Methodology: Critical Study of Muhammad Shahrur’s Thinking on Islamic Law Sources.” HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies 78, no. 4 (2022): 1–7. https://doi.org/10.4102/hts.v78i4.7152.
Purnomo, Bitoh. “Maqashid Al-Syariah and Human Rights Problems.” Nurani: Jurnal Kajian Syari’ah Dan Masyarakat 20, no. 1 (2020): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.19109/nurani.v20i1.5631.
Qadir, Khalid Muhammad Abdul. Min Fiqh Al-Aqalliyat Al-Muslimah. Qatar: Wazarah Al-Auqaf Wa Al-Shu’an, 1998.
Qotadah, Hudzaifah Achmad, Ali Chamani Al Anshory, Maisyatusy Syarifah, and Adang Darmawan Achmad. “Cultured Meat for Indonesian Muslim Communities: A Review of Maslahah and Prospect.” Al-Istinbath: Jurnal Hukum Islam 7, no. 2 (2022): 329–46. https://doi.org/10.29240/jhi.v7i2.5476.
Qutb, Sayyid. Khasa‘is Al-Tasawwur Al-Islami Wa Muqawwimatuhu. Kairo: Dar al-Shuruq, 1997.
Ridho, Hilmi, Hamim Maftuh Elmi, and Muhammad Sibawaihi. “Fiqh Al-Aqalliyat; Jurisprudence For Muslim Minorities As A Guide To Living In Non-Muslim Countries.” Syariah: Jurnal Hukum Dan Pemikiran 23, no. 1 (2023): 93–106. https://doi.org/10.18592/sjhp.v23i1.8611.
Saeed, Abdullah. Interpreting the Quran; Towards a Contemporary Approach. London: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, 2006.
Shofi, Muhammad Aminuddin, Imam Bayhaki, and Mochammad Hesan. “The Multidimensional-Progressive Logic of Al-Maqasid Al-Syari’Ah for the Development of Humanitarian Fiqh.” Al-Qalam; Jurnal Penelitian Agama Dan Sosial Budaya 29, no. 2 (2023): 304. https://doi.org/10.31969/alq.v29i2.1309.
Tabrani, Abdul Mukti. “Maqashid Revitalization in Global Era: Istidlal Study from Text to Context.” AL-IHKAM: Jurnal Hukum & Pranata Sosial 13, no. 2 (2018): 310. https://doi.org/10.19105/al-ihkam.v13i2.1814.
Taimiyyah, Taqiyuddin Abu al-Abbas. Majmu’ Al-Fatawa. Madinah: al-Mamlakah al-Arabiyah, 1995.
Wahib, Moh. “Implementation of the Minority Fiqh Concept for the Papuan Muslim Community.” De Jure: Jurnal Hukum Dan Syar’iah 13, no. 1 (2021): 97–112. https://doi.org/10.18860/j-fsh.v13i1.11930.
Warren, David H. Rivals in the Gulf: Yusuf Al-Qaradawi, Abdullah Bin Bayyah, and the Qatar-UAE Contest Over the Arab Spring and the Gulf Crisis. Routledge. Milton: Routledge, 2021. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429299490.
Yani, Ahmad, and Megawati Barthos. “Transforming Islamic Law in Indonesia from a Legal Political Perspective.” Al-Ahkam 30, no. 2 (2020): 159–78. https://doi.org/10.21580/ahkam.2020.30.2.6333.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Citation Check
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Nur Solikin, Syaiful Ahyar, Muhamad Zaenal Muttaqin; Mochamad Syaefudin, Hilmi Ridho
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with Al-Istinbath : Jurnal Hukum Islam agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a CC BY-SA 4.0 Deed | Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International | Creative Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0) that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
.jpg)
