Retraction and Correction

1. Retraction Policy

An article may be retracted if:

• It contains serious errors that compromise its findings.
• There is evidence of plagiarism, data fabrication, or research misconduct.
• It has been published elsewhere without proper disclosure (duplicate publication).

Retractions follow COPE (Committee on Publication Ethics) guidelines and will be accompanied by a retraction notice explaining the reason. The original article will remain accessible but marked as “Retracted.”

2. Correction Policy

Corrections will be issued for:

• Minor errors (e.g., typos, mislabeling of figures, formatting issues) that do not affect the overall conclusions.
• Major errors (e.g., misinterpretation of data, incorrect references) that impact findings but do not require full retraction.

Corrections will be published as erratum (author’s mistake) or corrigendum (publisher’s mistake) and linked to the original article.

3. Article Withdrawal

• Pre-publication withdrawal is allowed for authors who submit a written request with justification.
• Post-publication withdrawal is only granted under exceptional circumstances, such as legal or ethical violations.

For further details, please refer to our Editorial Policies or contact the editorial office.