Income Disparity between Legislative Institutions and the General Public in Relation to Social Welfare Aspects: A Comparative Study of Indonesia and Malaysia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.29240/negrei.v5i2.14831Keywords:
Income Gap, Public Welfare, Social Justice for All, Strengthening PancasilaAbstract
Pancasila, as the foundation of the Indonesian state, upholds social justice for the people with the aim of equality in all areas, especially public income. However, recent research has found that the income gap between the Indonesian Legislative Institution and the Indonesian public is significantly different from that in Malaysia. This can certainly affect the welfare of the people of those countries. Therefore, the author analyzes and examines in more depth the income gap between the Legislative Institution and the public in Indonesia and Malaysia related to public welfare. This study uses a normative legal research type with a statutory and comparative approach, data sources are primary legal materials and secondary legal materials from books, journals, and legal dictionaries. The income gap between the legislative institution and the public in Indonesia reaches 10x-14x, while in Malaysia it is 4x-5x. This gap creates social injustice and hinders public welfare. Therefore, the values of social justice in Pancasila do not function well in practice. It is necessary to strengthen Pancasila from an early age in shaping the character of the Indonesian people.Civic Awareness and Social Justice.
Downloads
References
Abdullah, H, and N Mohamad. “Transparency and Accountability of Legislator Compensation: Public Perception in Malaysia.” Jurnal Administrasi Publik Malaysia 8, no. 2 (2021): 30–45.
———. “Transparency and Accountability of Legislator Compensation in Malaysia: Implications for Civic Awareness.” Journal of Public Affairs 21, no. 3 (2021): e2221. https://doi.org/10.1002/pa.2221.
Abram, Muhammad, and Yeniwati Yeniwati. “The Influence of Human Resource Quality, Corruption, and Income Inequality on Poverty in Indonesia.” Journal of Economic and Development Studies 3, no. 3 (2021): 29. https://doi.org/10.24036/jkep.v3i3.12367.
Altaany, Haitham M. “Civic Education and Its Role in Social Stabilization: A Comprehensive Review.” Available at SSRN 5002738, 2024.
Annisa Fianni Sisma, Understanding the Royal Parliament, Malaysian Government System, 2022, https://katadata.co.id/berita/internasional/6360b144652cc/memahami-parlementer-kerajaan-sistem-pemerintahan-malaysia.
Arif Safa Maulana, et al. The Meaning of Welfare in the View of Marginalized Communities: An Ethnographic Study in Poor Urban Areas, JALHu: Jurnal Al Mujaddid Humaniora 11, No. 1, (2025): 44-53 (45), https://doi.org/10.58553/jalhu.
Arrifqi, Fandy, Dyah Ainiyatul Munawaroh, and Jasmine Hasna Nafila Rahman. “Analysis of Public Perception Using Big Data Methods on the Performance of the House of Representatives in Processing the PKS Bill.” Jurnal PolGov 4, no. 2 (2022): 265–92.
Farid, M, and Y Putra. “Public Engagement and Legislative Disparities in Indonesia.” Jurnal Ilmu Sosial Dan Ilmu Politik 14, no. 2 (2022): 101–20. https://doi.org/10.2345/jisip.2022.14.2.101.
Fauzi, M, and T Hermawan. “Civic Education in Enhancing Social Awareness and Justice.” Journal of Civic Education 9, no. 4 (2021): 25–40.
First Schedule & First Schedule Orders, Members of Parliament (Remuneration) Act 1980 (Akta 237)
Fitzgerald, Jason C, Alison K Cohen, Elena Maker Castro, and Alexander Pope. “A Systematic Review of the Last Decade of Civic Education Research in the United States.” Peabody Journal of Education 96, no. 3 (2021): 235–46.
Fourth paragraph of the Preamble to the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia (UUD NRI Tahun 1945)
Government Regulation (PP) Number 75 of 2000 concerning the Basic Salary of Leaders of the Highest/Highest State Institutions and Members of High State Institutions as well as Honorary Allowances for Members of the Highest State Institutions.
Hababil, Muhammad Putra, Muhammad Kharis Firdaus, Nabil Nazhmi, Mohammad Dandi Hamdani, Mochamad Rajendra Alghifary, and Arif Fadilla. “Analysis of the Influence of Economic Equality in Efforts to Eliminate Socioeconomic Inequality Among Communities.” Journal of Macroeconomics and Social Development 1, no. 4 (2024): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.47134/jmsd.v1i4.276.
Heru Nugroho, Democracy and Democratization: A Conceptual Framework for Understanding Social and Political Dynamics in Indonesia, Journal of Sociological Thought 1, No. 1 (2012); 1-15 (2), https://doi.org/10.22146/jps.v1i1.23419.
IDEAS, CDF Law Needed to Prevent Abuse of Power and Ensure Equitable Allocation, 2021, website: https://www.ideas.org.my/cdf-law-needed-to-prevent-abuse-of-power-and-ensure-equitable-allocation/
Relys Sandi A, dkk. “The Legal Position of the Use of Blockchain Technology on the Validity of Stamp Duty in the Digital Age,: NEGREIAcademic Journal of Law and Governance 4, no.1 (2024) : 89-110. http://doi.org/10.29240/negrei.v4i1.10294
Insan Bablast, Indonesia's Economic Ranking in Asia and the World in 2025: Will Indonesia Be Considered a Poor Country?, 2025, https://www.bablast.id/artikel/peringkat-ekonomi-indonesia-di-asia-dan-dunia-2025-apakah-indonesia-termasuk-negara-miskin.
Ipendidikan.my, Characteristics of Malaysia's Parliamentary Democracy System, 2025, https://www.ipendidikan.my/demokrasi-berparlimen.html.
Khoirul, Frisca Aurrelia Amanda. “Analysis of Income Redistribution Policy and Socio-Economic Change: A Case Study of Welfare in Indonesia.” Indonesian Journal of Political Studies 4, no. 1 (2024): 1–8.
Kompas.com, Narrative of DPR Salary of IDR 3 Million per Day Goes Viral, Here's a Comparison with Malaysia and Ordinary People, 2025, https://amp.kompas.com/tren/read/2025/08/15/211500765/ ramai-narasi-gaji-dpr-3-juta-per-hari-ini-perbandingan-dengan-malaysia-dan?utm_source=
Law No. 12 of 1980 Law No. 12 of 1980 concerning the Financial/Administrative Rights of Leaders and Members of the Supreme/Highest State Institutions and Former Leaders of the Supreme/Highest State Institutions and Former Members of the Highest State Institutions.
Lee Kah Kei, Jie Yee Ku, Muhammad Bahari, Berapa Gaji Anggota Parlemen di Malaysia, dan Membedah CDF (FLY x Ypol: Bagian 2), 2022, https://www.flymalaysia.org/how-much-does-a-member-of-parliament-in-malaysia-make-and-unpacking-cdfs-fly-x-ypol-part-2/
Lestari, Egitia Dwi, Desi Aulia Putri, and Hendru Prawinata. “The Importance Of Civic Education In Overcoming The Constitutional Crisis In Indonesia.” Widya Pustaka Education Scientific Journal 12, no. 1 (2024): 27–37.
Max Ki, The Role of State Institutions in the Indonesian Government System, 2025, https://umsu.ac.id/berita/peran-lembaga-lembaga-negara-dalam-sistem-pemerintahan-indonesia/.
Mokhammad, 7 Examples of Countries that Adopt a Democratic System in the World, 2018, https://www.haruspintar.com/negara-yang-menganut-sistem-demokrasi/.
Ninda Iswara TribunNewsmaker.com, DPR Response to Violent Demonstrations, Urging WFH and Use of Civilian License Plates, Ahmad Sahroni: It's Difficult Everywhere, 2025, https://newsmaker.tribunnews.com/2025/08/29/respon-dpr-terkait-demo-ricuh-imbau-wfh-hingga-pakai-pelat-sipil-ahmad-sahroni-ke-mana-mana-susah?page=2.
Prasetyo, T J, and W Sutopo. “Transformasi Digital Di Era Revolusi Industri 4.0: Tantangan Dan Peluang Sektor Publik Indonesia.” Jurnal Manajemen Dan Kebijakan Publik 13, no. 1 (2022): 22–38.
Radhakrishnan, P, and M Zainuddin. “Income Disparities and Political Participation in Malaysia.” Jurnal Politik Malaysia 14, no. 1 (2024): 40–55.
Rawls, John. Theory of Justice. Oxford University, 1973.
Satriya Nugraha, Legislation and Democratization: The Role of Legislation in Building Democracy in Indonesia, Morality: Journal of Law (9), No. 2 (December 2023): 353-361 (353-354), http://dx.doi.org/10.52947/morality.v9i2.487.
Regulation of the Secretary General of the House of Representatives of the Republic of Indonesia Number 1 of 2024 concerning official travel of the Secretary General of the House of Representatives of the Republic of Indonesia.
Richmond, M. E. Social Diagnosis. Russell Sage Foundation, 2017.
Setiawan, Y, and D Prabowo. “Reform of the Civic Education Curriculum in Indonesia.” Journal of Social Education 8, no. 1 (2022): 10–22.
Tan, L, and R Ismail. “Civic Responsibility and Social Justice in Malaysian Governance.” Asian Education and Development Studies 11, no. 4 (2022): 350–68. https://doi.org/10.1108/AEDS-05-2022-0087.
———. “Integrating Diversity in Civic Education in Malaysia.” Jurnal Pendidikan Malaysia 10, no. 4 (2022): 60–75.
Wibowo, A, and P Surya. “Legislative Income Disparities and Civic Engagement in Indonesia.” International Journal of Social Sciences and Education 8, no. 1 (2023): 25–40. https://doi.org/10.17583/ijsse.2023.7641.
Yuliandari, Erna, Moh Muchtarom, and Pipit Widiatmaka. “Political Education through Strengthening Digital Literacy in the Civic Education Course Learning Process.” Kwangsan: Journal of Educational Technology 11, no. 1 (2023): 186–205.
Downloads
Published
Versions
- 2025-12-30 (2)
- 2025-12-30 (1)
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Citation Check
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Relys Sandi Ariani, Arini Zulfaida, Fidela Dzatadini Wahyudi
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with NEGREI: Academic Journal of Law and Governance agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
This work is licensed under a 
